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Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans
Gorissen, Stefan H. M. Trommelen, Jorn Kouw, Imre W. K. Holwerda, Andrew M. Pennings, Bart Groen, Bart B. L. Wall, Benjamin T. Churchward-Venne, Tyler A. Horstman, Astrid M. H. Koopman, René
Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
Trommelen, Jorn
Kouw, Imre W. K.
Holwerda, Andrew M.
Pennings, Bart
Groen, Bart B. L.
Wall, Benjamin T.
Churchward-Venne, Tyler A.
Horstman, Astrid M. H.
Koopman, René
Author
Gorissen, Stefan H. M.
Trommelen, Jorn
Kouw, Imre W. K.
Holwerda, Andrew M.
Pennings, Bart
Groen, Bart B. L.
Wall, Benjamin T.
Churchward-Venne, Tyler A.
Horstman, Astrid M. H.
Koopman, René
Burd, Nicholas A.
Fuchs, Cas J.
Dirks, Marlou L.
Res, Peter T.
Senden, Joan M. G.
Steijns, Jan M. J. M.
de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.
Verdijk, Lex B.
van Loon, Luc J. C.
Trommelen, Jorn
Kouw, Imre W. K.
Holwerda, Andrew M.
Pennings, Bart
Groen, Bart B. L.
Wall, Benjamin T.
Churchward-Venne, Tyler A.
Horstman, Astrid M. H.
Koopman, René
Burd, Nicholas A.
Fuchs, Cas J.
Dirks, Marlou L.
Res, Peter T.
Senden, Joan M. G.
Steijns, Jan M. J. M.
de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M.
Verdijk, Lex B.
van Loon, Luc J. C.
Abstract
Background
Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics.
Objective
We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans.
Methods
We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine–labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals.
Results
A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein–derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001).
Conclusions
Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.
Keywords
healthy aging, muscle protein synthesis, muscle mass maintenance, splanchnic extraction, sarcopenia
Date
2020
Type
Journal article
Journal
The Journal of Nutrition
Book
Volume
150
Issue
8
Page Range
2041-2050
Article Number
ACU Department
Centre for Exercise and Nutrition
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Collections
Relation URI
Source URL
Event URL
Open Access Status
Published as ‘gold’ (paid) open access
License
CC BY 4.0
File Access
Open